- I'm not really a gamer but occasionally there is a title I'm interested in. The trouble with this is that keeping your PC in the proper shape for gaming can be a chore (hardware specifications, operating system version, libraries, etc...). Moreover, product activation is a pain especially when you have legitimately purchased the game but the activation process isn't working properly. That's where emulators come in. They give you the stability and ease of use of Console platforms but the flexibility of PC systems. I only realised that Sony Playstation had decent emulators recently after doing research for other projects (use of gaming consoles in clustering and high performance computing):
playstation clustering
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3_cluster
https://phys.org/news/2010-12-air-playstation-3s-supercomputer.html
https://www.theverge.com/2019/12/3/20984028/playstation-supercomputer-ps3-umass-dartmouth-astrophysics-25th-anniversary
https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/analysis/the-playstation-supercomputer/
https://www.reddit.com/r/PS4/comments/hjyi0j/anyone_remember_this_ps4_cluster_scene_from_the/
https://www.govtech.com/products/playstation-3-providing-supercomputing-to-universities.html
https://dtbnguyen.blogspot.com/2023/05/future-of-artificial.html
https://dtbnguyen.blogspot.com/2021/02/living-without-google-random-stuff-and.html
https://dtbnguyen.blogspot.com/2020/01/data-science-pattern-matching-hpc.html
- first step is downloading and installing a suitable emulator. I'm interested in Playstation because games are cheap on the secondary market, there are lots of games for this platform, many games on this platform are of decent quality, etc...
most popular gaming console
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_game_consoles
ps2 emulator
https://pcsx2.net/
https://pcsx2.net/downloads/
https://pcsx2.net/compat/
https://pcsx2.net/docs/
https://wiki.pcsx2.net/Main_Page
https://wiki.pcsx2.net/Complete_List_of_Demos_and_Tool_Discs
https://fantasyanime.com/emuhelp/pcsx2#loading-a-real-ps2-game-you-own
ps3 emulator
https://rpcs3.net/
https://rpcs3.net/quickstart
https://rpcs3.net/download
https://rpcs3.net/compatibility
https://www.makeuseof.com/best-ps3-emulators-for-pc/
ps4 pc emulator
https://emulation.gametechwiki.com/index.php/PlayStation_4_emulators
https://rpcsx.com/
https://pcsx4.com/
playstation clustering
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3_cluster
https://phys.org/news/2010-12-air-playstation-3s-supercomputer.html
https://www.theverge.com/2019/12/3/20984028/playstation-supercomputer-ps3-umass-dartmouth-astrophysics-25th-anniversary
https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/analysis/the-playstation-supercomputer/
https://www.reddit.com/r/PS4/comments/hjyi0j/anyone_remember_this_ps4_cluster_scene_from_the/
https://www.govtech.com/products/playstation-3-providing-supercomputing-to-universities.html
https://dtbnguyen.blogspot.com/2023/05/future-of-artificial.html
https://dtbnguyen.blogspot.com/2021/02/living-without-google-random-stuff-and.html
https://dtbnguyen.blogspot.com/2020/01/data-science-pattern-matching-hpc.html
- first step is downloading and installing a suitable emulator. I'm interested in Playstation because games are cheap on the secondary market, there are lots of games for this platform, many games on this platform are of decent quality, etc...
most popular gaming console
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_game_consoles
ps2 emulator
https://pcsx2.net/
https://pcsx2.net/downloads/
https://pcsx2.net/compat/
https://pcsx2.net/docs/
https://wiki.pcsx2.net/Main_Page
https://wiki.pcsx2.net/Complete_List_of_Demos_and_Tool_Discs
https://fantasyanime.com/emuhelp/pcsx2#loading-a-real-ps2-game-you-own
ps3 emulator
https://rpcs3.net/
https://rpcs3.net/quickstart
https://rpcs3.net/download
https://rpcs3.net/compatibility
https://www.makeuseof.com/best-ps3-emulators-for-pc/
ps4 pc emulator
https://emulation.gametechwiki.com/index.php/PlayStation_4_emulators
https://rpcsx.com/
https://pcsx4.com/
game emulator linux distro
playstation 4 emulator
xbox 360 emulatorhttps://xenia.jp/
https://github.com/xenia-project/xenia/wiki/Quickstart
xbox one emulator
https://xemu.app/
https://xemu.app/docs/faq/
https://xemu.app/docs/download/
https://emulation.gametechwiki.com/index.php/Xbox_One_emulators
https://emulation.gametechwiki.com/index.php/Emulators_on_Xbox_One
nintendo wii emulator
https://dolphin-emu.org/
https://cemu.info/
https://www.emulatorgames.net/emulators/nintendo-wii/
jaycar nes emulator
https://www.jaycar.com.au/set-up-a-retro-gaming-system
- then install firmware/BIOS into the emulator. It's strange seeing the BIOS/firmware of so many systems dumped out there on the Internet? That said, they're often available on the websites of the console manufacturers themselves?
https://rpcs3.net/quickstart
https://www.playstation.com/en-us/support/hardware/ps3/system-software/
https://support.xbox.com/en-AU/help/hardware-network/console/offline-system-update
nintendo switch firmware download
https://www.reddit.com/r/SwitchPirates/comments/r7xuec/where_to_download_switch_firmware/
https://darthsternie.net/switch-firmwares/
ps2 bios dump pcsx2
https://pcsx2.net/docs/setup/gather
https://www.reddit.com/r/Roms/comments/ccegdk/can_anyone_give_me_the_bios_for_pcsx2/
https://www.reddit.com/r/Roms/comments/t5aibr/where_can_i_find_the_ps2_bios_for_pcsx2/
ps4 firmware
https://archive.org/search?query=playstation+bioshttps://archive.org/search?query=nintendo+bios
https://archive.org/search?query=xbox+bios
https://archive.org/search?query=sega+bios
- you can download games or else purchase games. Ironically, purchasing the game (from online and offline marketplaces, pawn shops, op shops, using games from your existing collection, purchasing from specialist gaming stores or retailers, etc...) is probably less costly (from $0.50 to ~$20 per game when used/second hand. It sounds cheap but you need to realise that we're dealing with platforms that are really, really old) and less likely to get you into trouble as well then going down the piracy route. One thing I didn't realise is how prevalent pirated games are. I was looking for information on how to dump discs from my own collection not pre-dumped discs but found heaps online. Even if it looks legitimate there's a chance it may be pirated/copied? Note, how more piracy occurs in poorer countries then wealthier ones? What's also interesting is perspectives on piracy. In a lot of people and organisations I've come across they say they'll pirate until they can afford to pay basically no matter their background or industry. What's interesting is that it's rare for there to be "pure/ideological pirates" who don't believe the original maker doesn't deserve anything for their effort (or else this is a reflection of the type of people I hang around with?)?
https://www.playstation.com/en-au/
https://www.playstation.com/en-au/playstation-network/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation
rpcs3 demo disc dump
http://wiki.redump.org/index.php?title=PlayStation_3_Dumping_Guide
http://wiki.redump.org/index.php?title=Redump.org
ps2 game dumps
https://www.reddit.com/r/opendirectories/comments/6haqbq/every_ps2_game_iso_ever/
https://archive.org/details/playstation-2-game-dumps
https://archive.org/search?query=ps3+dump
https://archive.org/search?query=ps2+dump
ps2 disc dump pcsx2
https://www.reddit.com/r/PCSX2/comments/qf2oty/beginner_needs_help_with_ripping_ps2_roms/
https://www.reddit.com/r/RetroArch/comments/gmcfop/ps2_cdrom_games_can_be_dumped/
console games retailers melbourne
https://www.ebgames.com.au/
https://thegameexperts.com.au/
https://maxxgaming.com.au/
https://superretro.com.au/
https://www.trippytrades.com.au/
https://www.ebay.com.au/sch/i.html?_from=R40&_trksid=p4432023.m570.l1313&_nkw=ps2+games&_sacat=0
https://www.ebay.com.au/sch/i.html?_from=R40&_trksid=p4432023.m570.l1313&_nkw=ps3+games&_sacat=0
https://www.ebay.com.au/sch/i.html?_from=R40&_trksid=p4432023.m570.l1313&_nkw=ps4+games&_sacat=0
https://www.ebay.com.au/sch/i.html?_from=R40&_trksid=p4432023.m570.l1313&_nkw=ps5+games&_sacat=0
https://www.ebay.com.au/sch/i.html?_from=R40&_trksid=p4432023.m570.l1313&_nkw=wii+games&_sacat=0
piracy video games statistics
Below are some facts-
38% people across the globe acquired or accessed digital content illegally in 2017.
52% of online users watch pirated videos.
59% people are aware that downloading or streaming pirated videos is illegal.
67% of digital piracy sites are hosted in North America and Western Europe
Nearly 24% of the global Internet bandwidth is used for online piracy.
98.8% of data transferred using P2P networks is copyrighted
28 million users download and share files through P2P networks every day.
91.5% of filed available for download on Cyberlockers sites (Rapidshare, Megaupload,etc) are copyrighted
Only 1 out of 10,000 pcs of the most popular content on the OpenBitTorrent tracker is non-copyrighted
Worldwide Visits to Piracy Sites in 2020:
- 130.5 billion visits to piracy websites in 2020
- 357 million visits per day
- 248,287 visits per minute
Breakdown of Visits to Piracy Sites:
Streaming sites: 57%
Direct download portals: 27%
Torrent sites: 12%
Stream rippers: 4%
$9.8 billion in revenue losses in 2018 due to piracy in the music industry.
$29.2 billion revenue losses in the US every year due to online video piracy.
$51.6 billion in economic losses due to online TV & movie piracy by 2022.
$300 million in lost publisher income each year due to e-book piracy.
230,000 to 560,000 jobs lost in the United States every year due to online video piracy.
37% of software running in the world are unlicensed.
$46.3 billion of software running in the world are unlicensed.
2 out of every 5 copies of software running in the world are unpaid.
20% of pirated software are running in North America.
Illegal streaming constitutes 80% of online video piracy.
24% of users download music from illegal sources.
26% of online users download a film or a TV series from illegal sources.
13% of users download an e-book or an audiobook from illegal sources.
21% of users download games from illegal sources.
https://www.go-globe.com/online-piracy-in-numbers-facts-and-statistics-infographic/
Unfortunately, the popularity of gaming also attracts bad actors looking to take advantage of the amount of money and users within the industry. Gaming piracy is on the rise. About 25% of all gamers pirated more than 50 games through the years.
https://www.redpoints.com/blog/gaming-piracy/
https://www.pcgamer.com/study-finds-over-87-percent-of-games-are-unplayable-without-resorting-to-piracy-scavenger-hunts-or-travelling-to-an-archive/
https://gamehistory.org/study-explainer/
https://www.pcgamer.com/pc-piracy-survey-results-35-percent-of-pc-gamers-pirate/
- an interesting argument is that emulation encourages piracy. The obvious irony is that a lot of games companies use it themselves, the practice itself seems to be legal when you own the actual game (the license conditions on older games make absolutely no mention of this), well known retailers sell emulation devices nowadays, etc... The games manufacturers seem to be trying to force exclusivity of their platform in order to make money via licensing fees for games (the only problem with this policy is that they make more profit if they don't have to sell the platform)? Business model for console games similar to printers, cars, mowers, and vacuums? Namely, the platform doesn't really make money/profits as does consumables, other royalties, rents, etc... for the platform?
https://dtbnguyen.blogspot.com/2023/10/vacuum-filter-troublesplanned.html
https://dtbnguyen.blogspot.com/2024/02/repairing-and-maintaining-victa-2.html
game console emulator
https://www.amazon.com.au/s?k=emulator+console&ref=mr_referred_us_au_au
https://www.reddit.com/r/consoles/comments/150mhlj/best_emulator_console/
https://www.ebay.com.au/sch/i.html?_from=R40&_trksid=p4432023.m570.l1313&_nkw=game+console+emulators&_sacat=0
https://openemu.org/
https://www.digitaltrends.com/gaming/best-emulators/
https://www.etsy.com/au/market/emulator_console
https://www.creativebloq.com/buying-guides/best-retro-gaming-consoles
Emulation and piracy
Historically, video game companies have blamed video game emulators for piracy, despite the fact that anyone can create their own legal ROM image from the original media.[13] Concerning this demonization of emulators, video game historian Frank Cifaldi attributed it to the Connectix Virtual Game Station. Released in 1999, this commercial emulator enabled the play of Sony PlayStation games on Macintosh computers. However, it was easily cracked by hackers to play pirated ISO images of PlayStation games, leading to a lawsuit from Sony. Companies continued to fear that emulators would encourage piracy.[14] This has created a long-running debate over emulation, since many out-of-print video games can only be played via ROM, making emulators the only replacement for defunct video game consoles. Additionally, modern remasters and remakes can significantly alter a game, sometimes in a manner that changes the entire gameplay experience.[14] For example, Crash Bandicoot N-Sane Trilogy had a rewritten physics engine, requiring players to make more precise jumps.[15] Such gameplay changes give importance to emulators, which may be able to run the original game.
Some companies still consider emulators copyright-infringing. In 2017, Atlus attempted to take down the Patreon page of a PlayStation 3 emulator, RPCS3, arguing that the ability to play Persona 5 on it made it illegal software. However, Patreon disagreed with the company's stance, and allowed the page to remain, as long as references to Persona 5 were removed.[16] Furthermore, Nintendo has taken decisive action against the emulation of its games in recent years. In 2018, the company sued a handful of large ROM sites, forcing them to remove ROMs of their older console games, for what they called "brazen and mass-scale infringement of Nintendo's intellectual property rites".[17] The distribution of copied ROM files online is illegal, but this move by Nintendo was interpreted by the emulation scene as an attack on the emulation of older games.[18] In November 2020, Nintendo issued a cease and desist order to The Big House, an annual Super Smash Bros tournament. The Big House ran SSB games on the Dolphin emulator, and it was the addition of the mod Slippi, which enabled online play, that caught Nintendo's attention.[19]
Despite longstanding criticism of emulators in the game industry, companies themselves have used emulation to run commercial games. Nintendo operated the Virtual Console, which allowed people to buy and play certain games via emulation.[14] In 2017, the PlayStation 4 was found to contain a functioning internal PSP emulator. Hackers discovered that PaRappa the Rapper Remastered was actually the 2007 PSP version, running with upscaled textures. This emulator was later reverse-engineered and used to play other PSP games.[20] Additionally, Microsoft's Xbox One console uses a proprietary emulator in order to play games released for the original Xbox, and the Xbox 360.[21]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_piracy
how do game console companies make money
Video game consoles are usually sold on a 5–7 year cycle called a generation, with consoles made with similar technical capabilities or made around the same time period grouped into one generation. The industry has developed a razor and blades model: manufacturers often sell consoles at low prices, sometimes at a loss, while primarily making a profit from the licensing fees for each game sold. Planned obsolescence then draws consumers into buying the next console generation. While numerous manufacturers have come and gone in the history of the console market, there have always been two or three dominant leaders in the market, with the current market led by Sony (with their PlayStation brand), Microsoft (with their Xbox brand), and Nintendo (currently producing the Switch console). Previous console developers include Sega, Atari, Coleco, Mattel, NEC, SNK, Fujitsu, and 3D0.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_console
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_video_game_consoles
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_video_game_console_generations
- if you decide to purchase or acquire original discs you'll need a way to dump and decrypt the games. Note, you can only dump from a PC if you have a compatible drive or have a console which will enable this. You'll need to be online to grab the encryption keys. Newer formats are encrypted which means you'll need a decrypter of some sort while older formats can be dumped using any old disk drive imaging software such as Nero, ImgBurn, CDBurnerXP, Brasero, etc...
https://www.redfox.bz/en/
https://www.videolan.org/developers/libdvdcss.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AnyDVD
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libdvdcss
https://dtbnguyen.blogspot.com/2019/12/financial-data-acquisition-blu-ray-vlc.html
https://dtbnguyen.blogspot.com/2024/03/repairing-troy-bilt-tb525ec-whipper.html
rpcs3 dump ps3 game using pc
https://wiki.rpcs3.net/index.php?title=Help:Dumping_PlayStation_3_games
https://rpcs3.net/quickstart#compatible_drives
https://flexby420.github.io/playstation_3_ird_database/
http://redump.org/
https://notabug.org/necklace/libray
- add the game image/dump to your emulator and then try playing it
- you may need to fiddle around with keyboard, mouse, and gamepad configuration details as the defaults aren't natural? You're better off getting off control interfaces that replicate the original console as best as possible to make it "feel right"
- another issue may be performance. There seem to be lots of hacks around but they have varying degrees of success. If you've watched the gaming scence for a while you'll realise that most gaming consoles are souped up computers. Morevoer, they're often ahead of the curve to allow them to remain competitive for several years, and often subsidised (like phones) and even sold at a loss to provide a platform for game makers to distribute their work on. That means the underlying hardware is often pretty decent. This also means that to get comparable levels of performance to the console you often need to get a similar hardware spec on your PC on which you're running your emulator
rpcs3 software optimisation
https://www.reddit.com/r/rpcs3/comments/kdy4w7/suggestions_for_optimizing_rpcs3_for_performance/
https://www.reddit.com/r/SteamDeck/comments/tjfz7o/rpcs3_what_settings_seem_to_work_best_how_have/
https://rpcs3.net/blog/2020/08/21/hardware-performance-scaling/
skylake cpu socket
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylake_(microarchitecture)
ps2 emulator hardware requirements
https://pcsx2.net/docs/usage/setup/requirements/
https://www.reddit.com/r/RetroPie/comments/fu1fmh/minimum_pc_setup_for_ps2_emulation/
Hardware requirements
Hardware requirements are largely game-dependent. Due to the demanding nature of emulation, PCSX2 is much more likely to perform well with modern mid-range to high-end hardware, with lower-end systems likely to experience less than full performance. The performance bottleneck in most cases is the CPU rather than the GPU. This is especially the case in software mode, in which only the CPU is used for emulation. In hardware mode, the GPU emulates the graphics, but can still be a bottleneck if the internal resolution is set too high. Some games may also run slower due to unoptimized graphics code or weak video cards. As computer hardware has continued to advance with time, the likelihood of performance issues with PCSX2 has experienced a corresponding decrease.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCSX2
https://pcsx2.net/docs/setup/requirements/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkan
Requirements
As of September 15, 2023, the emulator requires a 64-bit version of Windows 10 or later, a modern Linux distribution, macOS 12.0 or later, or a modern BSD distribution. The PC must have at least 4 GB of RAM, 8 GB recommended, an x86-64 CPU and a GPU supporting one of the supported graphics APIs: OpenGL 4.3 or greater, or Vulkan, the latter being recommended. Apart from the game itself to be run, the emulator requires the PlayStation 3's firmware, which can be downloaded from Sony's official website.[12]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPCS3
https://rpcs3.net/quickstart
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_video_game_console_emulators
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin_(emulator)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemu
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citra_(emulator)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_system_emulators
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_console_emulator
game console emulator
https://www.amazon.com.au/s?k=emulator+console&ref=mr_referred_us_au_au
https://www.reddit.com/r/consoles/comments/150mhlj/best_emulator_console/
https://www.ebay.com.au/sch/i.html?_from=R40&_trksid=p4432023.m570.l1313&_nkw=game+console+emulators&_sacat=0
https://openemu.org/
https://www.digitaltrends.com/gaming/best-emulators/
https://www.etsy.com/au/market/emulator_console
https://www.creativebloq.com/buying-guides/best-retro-gaming-consoles
Emulation and piracy
Historically, video game companies have blamed video game emulators for piracy, despite the fact that anyone can create their own legal ROM image from the original media.[13] Concerning this demonization of emulators, video game historian Frank Cifaldi attributed it to the Connectix Virtual Game Station. Released in 1999, this commercial emulator enabled the play of Sony PlayStation games on Macintosh computers. However, it was easily cracked by hackers to play pirated ISO images of PlayStation games, leading to a lawsuit from Sony. Companies continued to fear that emulators would encourage piracy.[14] This has created a long-running debate over emulation, since many out-of-print video games can only be played via ROM, making emulators the only replacement for defunct video game consoles. Additionally, modern remasters and remakes can significantly alter a game, sometimes in a manner that changes the entire gameplay experience.[14] For example, Crash Bandicoot N-Sane Trilogy had a rewritten physics engine, requiring players to make more precise jumps.[15] Such gameplay changes give importance to emulators, which may be able to run the original game.
Some companies still consider emulators copyright-infringing. In 2017, Atlus attempted to take down the Patreon page of a PlayStation 3 emulator, RPCS3, arguing that the ability to play Persona 5 on it made it illegal software. However, Patreon disagreed with the company's stance, and allowed the page to remain, as long as references to Persona 5 were removed.[16] Furthermore, Nintendo has taken decisive action against the emulation of its games in recent years. In 2018, the company sued a handful of large ROM sites, forcing them to remove ROMs of their older console games, for what they called "brazen and mass-scale infringement of Nintendo's intellectual property rites".[17] The distribution of copied ROM files online is illegal, but this move by Nintendo was interpreted by the emulation scene as an attack on the emulation of older games.[18] In November 2020, Nintendo issued a cease and desist order to The Big House, an annual Super Smash Bros tournament. The Big House ran SSB games on the Dolphin emulator, and it was the addition of the mod Slippi, which enabled online play, that caught Nintendo's attention.[19]
Despite longstanding criticism of emulators in the game industry, companies themselves have used emulation to run commercial games. Nintendo operated the Virtual Console, which allowed people to buy and play certain games via emulation.[14] In 2017, the PlayStation 4 was found to contain a functioning internal PSP emulator. Hackers discovered that PaRappa the Rapper Remastered was actually the 2007 PSP version, running with upscaled textures. This emulator was later reverse-engineered and used to play other PSP games.[20] Additionally, Microsoft's Xbox One console uses a proprietary emulator in order to play games released for the original Xbox, and the Xbox 360.[21]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_piracy
how do game console companies make money
Video game consoles are usually sold on a 5–7 year cycle called a generation, with consoles made with similar technical capabilities or made around the same time period grouped into one generation. The industry has developed a razor and blades model: manufacturers often sell consoles at low prices, sometimes at a loss, while primarily making a profit from the licensing fees for each game sold. Planned obsolescence then draws consumers into buying the next console generation. While numerous manufacturers have come and gone in the history of the console market, there have always been two or three dominant leaders in the market, with the current market led by Sony (with their PlayStation brand), Microsoft (with their Xbox brand), and Nintendo (currently producing the Switch console). Previous console developers include Sega, Atari, Coleco, Mattel, NEC, SNK, Fujitsu, and 3D0.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_console
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_video_game_consoles
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_video_game_console_generations
- if you decide to purchase or acquire original discs you'll need a way to dump and decrypt the games. Note, you can only dump from a PC if you have a compatible drive or have a console which will enable this. You'll need to be online to grab the encryption keys. Newer formats are encrypted which means you'll need a decrypter of some sort while older formats can be dumped using any old disk drive imaging software such as Nero, ImgBurn, CDBurnerXP, Brasero, etc...
https://www.redfox.bz/en/
https://www.videolan.org/developers/libdvdcss.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AnyDVD
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libdvdcss
https://dtbnguyen.blogspot.com/2019/12/financial-data-acquisition-blu-ray-vlc.html
https://dtbnguyen.blogspot.com/2024/03/repairing-troy-bilt-tb525ec-whipper.html
rpcs3 dump ps3 game using pc
https://wiki.rpcs3.net/index.php?title=Help:Dumping_PlayStation_3_games
https://rpcs3.net/quickstart#compatible_drives
https://flexby420.github.io/playstation_3_ird_database/
http://redump.org/
https://notabug.org/necklace/libray
- add the game image/dump to your emulator and then try playing it
- you may need to fiddle around with keyboard, mouse, and gamepad configuration details as the defaults aren't natural? You're better off getting off control interfaces that replicate the original console as best as possible to make it "feel right"
- another issue may be performance. There seem to be lots of hacks around but they have varying degrees of success. If you've watched the gaming scence for a while you'll realise that most gaming consoles are souped up computers. Morevoer, they're often ahead of the curve to allow them to remain competitive for several years, and often subsidised (like phones) and even sold at a loss to provide a platform for game makers to distribute their work on. That means the underlying hardware is often pretty decent. This also means that to get comparable levels of performance to the console you often need to get a similar hardware spec on your PC on which you're running your emulator
rpcs3 software optimisation
https://www.reddit.com/r/rpcs3/comments/kdy4w7/suggestions_for_optimizing_rpcs3_for_performance/
https://www.reddit.com/r/SteamDeck/comments/tjfz7o/rpcs3_what_settings_seem_to_work_best_how_have/
https://rpcs3.net/blog/2020/08/21/hardware-performance-scaling/
skylake cpu socket
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylake_(microarchitecture)
ps2 emulator hardware requirements
https://pcsx2.net/docs/usage/setup/requirements/
https://www.reddit.com/r/RetroPie/comments/fu1fmh/minimum_pc_setup_for_ps2_emulation/
Hardware requirements
Hardware requirements are largely game-dependent. Due to the demanding nature of emulation, PCSX2 is much more likely to perform well with modern mid-range to high-end hardware, with lower-end systems likely to experience less than full performance. The performance bottleneck in most cases is the CPU rather than the GPU. This is especially the case in software mode, in which only the CPU is used for emulation. In hardware mode, the GPU emulates the graphics, but can still be a bottleneck if the internal resolution is set too high. Some games may also run slower due to unoptimized graphics code or weak video cards. As computer hardware has continued to advance with time, the likelihood of performance issues with PCSX2 has experienced a corresponding decrease.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCSX2
https://pcsx2.net/docs/setup/requirements/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkan
Requirements
As of September 15, 2023, the emulator requires a 64-bit version of Windows 10 or later, a modern Linux distribution, macOS 12.0 or later, or a modern BSD distribution. The PC must have at least 4 GB of RAM, 8 GB recommended, an x86-64 CPU and a GPU supporting one of the supported graphics APIs: OpenGL 4.3 or greater, or Vulkan, the latter being recommended. Apart from the game itself to be run, the emulator requires the PlayStation 3's firmware, which can be downloaded from Sony's official website.[12]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPCS3
https://rpcs3.net/quickstart
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_video_game_console_emulators
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin_(emulator)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemu
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citra_(emulator)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_system_emulators
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_console_emulator
- PS4 emulation isn't going anywhere fast at the moment. A lot of them won't even compile if you try to pull code from Github. You have to hack just to get progress on compilation. The obvious problem with non-trivial software is that you have to understand the code/what you're dealing with to be able to make inroads a lot of the time. If you're reverse engineering something that you've never really looked at this isn't easy.
ps4 emulator
github playstation spine fork
- your graphics drivers are very important for perfomance. The problem is that sometimes it takes multiple goes for it to be registered by RPCS3 as can be seen by accounts of other people online. It also took me multiple goes at reinstalling NVIDIA drivers to get it working
remove nvidia binary driver fedora
rpcs3 only device llvmpipe
- once installed, I kept on getting this error until I changed the framelimit setting to native PS3. There's limited documentation unfortunately regarding a lot of stuff and I only guesstimated that this would make a difference. Basically, if you have trouble try to recreate the environment of the console as best as possible
rcps3 double free or corruption (out)
This Setting Fixes Broken Graphics in RPCS3
- I've obviously dealt with emulators (and similar technologies such as virtual machines, containers, etc...) before. It helps with learning and not having to maintain a separate Virtual or Physical Machine is a big bonus. Just like others in the gaming industry have said (I think it was Nintendo?), it's about enjoyment of gameplay not necessarily just pure graphics, smooth performance, etc... when it comes to games. It's remarkable how little has changed in some wayshttps://dtbnguyen.blogspot.com/2023/09/conversion-from-physical-to-virtual_10.html
https://dtbnguyen.blogspot.com/2012/10/more-security-oscilloscope-and-wireless_6750.html
https://dtbnguyen.blogspot.com/2011/12/vmware-vcp-research-notes.html
https://dtbnguyen.blogspot.com/2011/12/virtualisation-options.html
https://dtbnguyen.blogspot.com/2010/10/macosx-g4-on-pc-via-pearpc.html
https://dtbnguyen.blogspot.com/2019/07/offline-cloud-aws-gcp-azure-etc.html
https://dtbnguyen.blogspot.com/2011/12/wining-on-linux.html
https://dtbnguyen.blogspot.com/2018/04/dealing-with-legacy-applications-random.html
https://dtbnguyen.blogspot.com/2015/09/more-jsf-thoughts-theme-hospital-george.html
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=super+mario+show+song
The Super Mario Bros Super Show Title Theme
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vkQTgjGboWQ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_video_games
Random Stuff:
- as usual thanks to all of the individuals and groups who purchase and use my goods and services
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Random Quotes:
- Anyone who asks for nuance is met with a resounding dismissal: "Are you against the working people?" No, but what if I'm against the working class being appropriated as useful idiots for the causes of nationalism and a color revolution? What if I don't want to see Belarus torn apart by privatization and in the pits of poverty, as its citizens roam Europe looking for low-paid jobs as labor migrants? Which is what has happened in Ukraine.
But does anyone care about the working class more than they care about the promise of freedoms? About equality more than liberty? Aversion to serious talk from those who support the protests is often indicative of an unwillingness to investigate their bias about the Soviet Union and the underlining idea of class solidarity, a very crucial thing right now. Lukashenko is equated with the Soviet Union and communism. The red-and-white flag is used despite the Nazi association (as it was used during the occupation period) because the current red-and-green one is considered tainted by its Soviet origins.
It has become fashionable to consider yourself a leftist in the post-Soviet space, online especially. Still, the overwhelming majority of those doing it are reluctant to go deeper than just the label and shift from their liberal positions. Dialectics are too much work, reading Marx and Lenin is old-fashioned, and the rhetoric of freedom is more appealing than historical materialism. Unfortunately, that also means that attempts to re-examine Soviet history and culture from a lens free of the Western influence are overwhelmingly met with rejection. But one can't help but notice that the liberal media run by local oligarchs or foreign governments are not held up to the same level of scrutiny, even by those saying they oppose Western imperialism. This, in turn, makes it even harder to support the workers. The online and media fields are very much blurred by the liberal / Western / nationalist bias, and we can't see the workers' perspective through the red and white noise. It becomes essential to remain vigilant and not let the same biased groups co-opt the workers' agency in Belarus.
The violence on the ground in Belarus is real. The autocracy is real. There can be no doubts about that. But the neoliberal and nationalist tendencies seem to be as much of a threat to worker solidarity as the regime's wrongdoings. I am incredibly invested in observing the events unfolding in Belarus because I have seen all of it before, in Russia personally and in Ukraine from a distance. And I hate to see the worst repeat yet again, with the same stalwarts of neoliberalism at the helm, denouncing communism, virtue-signaling to nationalism.
As I watch this, already lonely in the shadow of the right-wingers dominating the debate, I want nothing more in life than for more people in the post-Soviet space to stop being afraid of socialism and start being afraid of capitalism, nationalism, and fascism.
https://www.rt.com/russia/498140-minsk-protests-similar-kiev-moscow/
- "The restrictions are ridiculous and so unnecessary for a virus with such a small death rate. My view is it's a real virus, but the exaggeration is massive," Joss says. "They call it a pandemic but pandemics are supposed to take at least five percent of the population and according to Doctor Dan Erickson it only has a 0.03 death rate – it's a tiny amount and it's not a pandemic."
California-based Dr Erickson's claims were among those removed from YouTube and Facebook and a video of his interview on FoxNews was also taken down due to claims of inaccuracy. While fatality rates are low on a population basis, most physicians advise measuring deaths based on the number of recorded cases. Using that basis, the global death rate is 3.5 percent. It's 14.8 percent in the UK, 3.2 in the US, 1.7 in Russia, 8.5 in Spain.
StandUpX are driven by the need to question what is being reported and why media, both social and traditional, have been given the power to overrule the opinions of medics and scientists.
https://www.rt.com/uk/498075-standupx-anti-mask-covid/
- An anonymous stock market gossip account followed by some of Australia's most prominent finance and business figures is being sued for defamation.
Melbourne mining entrepreneur Tolga Kumova has commenced legal action against the New Zealand-based owner of the Twitter account @stockswami – named in court documents as Tauranga man Alan Francis Davison – over an alleged ongoing smear campaign.
The former stockbroker turned minerals speculator, who has a reported net worth of $95 million, is seeking aggravated damages against Mr Davison over six series of tweets he claims are defamatory.
Over the past year, @stockswami has falsely accused the AFR Young Rich Lister of insider trading, involvement in pump-and-dump schemes, dodgy business dealings and misleading the share market, according to Mr Kumova's statement of claim filed in the Federal Court where the tweets were set out.
"Inside trading alive and thriving on the ASX pirate ship," @stockswami tweeted to his more than 6000 followers on September 20 last year.
"$EUC (European Cobalt), err cough cough, a Tolga Kumova special, goes into trading halt to explain a 33 per cent spike in (share price), and … oh … err … a material acquisition that they forgot to tell the market about."
The filing alleges Mr Davison's tweets were commented on, retweeted or reacted to by a number of his followers, creating a "grapevine effect".
In another tweet on April 24 this year, he wrote that Mr Kumova "certainly knows when to buy and sell a stock he is intimately connected with".
"Did it with $SYR (Syrah Resources), $NCZ (New Century Resources) and now $BGL (Bellevue Gold). Tolga Kumova also needs to update himself with ASIC laws."
In a series of tweets in June he falsely accused Mr Kumova of being part of a pump-and-dump "syndicate".
"Lock up your daughters and your money!" he wrote.
"Remember, a pump group is no different than a drug syndicate. The premise is the same. Find a source. Buy cheap. Network. Sell. Bling bling."
In the statement of claim, Mr Kumova lists prominent journalists who follow the @stockswami account including from The Australian Financial Review, ABC, The Age and The Sydney Morning Herald, although he doesn't single them out for retweeting the posts.
"By reason of the publication by Davison of the matters complained of, Kumova has been brought into hatred, ridicule and contempt and has been gravely injured in his reputation including his professional reputation as a trader and mining executive and has suffered and will continue to suffer loss and damage," the statement of claim says.
Mr Kumova is seeking aggravated damages against Mr Davison due to the "ongoing" nature of the campaign, his "failure to inform Kumova of the imputations he intended to publish before publishing", and his "failure to publish an apology and retraction once informed of the factual errors" by Mr Kumova's lawyers.
Mr Davison has previously discussed on his Twitter account how he became wealthy with an online business driving traffic to adult websites.
"I feel forever blessed and grateful for my luck," he tweeted in May. "It allowed me to raise my children while at home. It also allows me to sit here and disrupt the pump groups and ASX professional operators."
He also claims to have made $NZ1 million trading shares on the ASX.
https://www.news.com.au/finance/markets/australian-markets/melbourne-young-rich-lister-sues-anonymous-stock-market-twitter-account-for-defamation/news-story/bb0feea2b1d4474e506dbca6ba9b1959
- Some nickel-loving species like Alyssum murale, native to Italy, can take up to 30,000 micrograms of nickel per 1g dried leaf. Some, like Phyllantus balgoyii, found in Malaysia, have such a high nickel content that their sap is a remarkable bright blue-green colour. So far, around 450 species of nickel-loving plants have been documented worldwide. Most of these plants grow in countries with less plant diversity and lower nickel deposits than Indonesia, such as Cuba (130 species), southern Europe (45), New Caledonia (65) and Malaysia (24).
Curiously, very few of these plants have been found in Indonesia, which is one of the most biodiverse regions in the world and also has the largest nickel deposit in the world – just where you might expect to find a nickel hyper-accumulator. Tjoa says that this is largely because very few people have spent the time looking.
...
After four years of exploration, Tjoa at last spotted two species of indigenous nickel hyper-accumulators in 2008: Sarcotheca celebica and Knema matanensis. In the lab, she found that both of these native plants could store between 1,000 and 5,000 micrograms of nickel per gram of dried leaf.
It was a start, but Tjoa was still hoping for something more. Compared with nickel-loving plants found elsewhere, these two showed fairly modest powers of hyperaccumulation. "We're looking for plants that could accumulate at least 10,000 micrograms [per gram]," she says. At that threshold, it becomes economically viable to cultivate the plant for mineral extraction – or "phytomining".
https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200825-indonesia-the-plants-that-mine-poisonous-metals
- For each Baltic state, Soviet rule effectively brought a cultural revolution. National elites were murdered or exiled. Hundreds of thousands were deported, executed, or starved to death. Collectivization destroyed the peasant farms that had been the backbone of Baltic economies and societies. Finally came the suffocation of national identity through mass immigration of Russian-speakers from other parts of the Soviet Union and the purging of books that might portray the era of Baltic independence in favorable terms. Estonia's leading novelist, the late Jaan Kross, remembered watching books from his country's main university library destroyed by an ax-wielding apparatchik.
What particularly aroused Russian ire (and still does) was that after the 1940-1941 Soviet occupation, Estonians and Latvians did not see the prospect of another one as "liberation." Indeed, from 1944 onward, many Baltic citizens fought hard against Soviet forces, even shoulder to shoulder with the Nazis at times. The bad blood still lingers, as seen two years ago when Estonia (or eSStonia, as Russian propagandists still call it) decided to relocate a Soviet war memorial from the center of Tallinn to a military cemetery on the outskirts of town. For Russians, the bronze statue was "Alyosha the Liberator"; for Estonians, it was "The Unknown Rapist." The result was a fierce diplomatic spat, the besieging of the Estonian Embassy in Moscow, and a mammoth cyberattack that briefly disrupted public services.
The bleakness of life inside the Baltic states during the occupation era was matched by overseas apathy, even hostility, toward their fate. Britain handed over to the Kremlin the Baltic gold reserves, which had been entrusted to the Bank of England for safekeeping. Dusty embassies in Washington and elsewhere maintained the vestiges of legal existence, and a dwindling band of elderly Baltic diplomats would gather for occasional meetings at the U.S. State Department, where their flags still hung in the lobby. It was a good way to annoy the Kremlin, but the cause of Baltic independence was all but dead. Those who persisted in raising it were seen as eccentric, out of touch, and irrelevant. Czeslaw Milosz, the Polish émigré poet and Nobel Prize winner, wrote in his seminal work on totalitarianism, The Captive Mind, that he could not stop thinking about the Baltic states, which he described as being "boiled down" in a pot with a "tightly closed lid." But he also said that others regarded his preoccupation as the epitome of futility: It would waste his life and awake the "wrath of Zeus."
After regaining independence in the early 1990s, the Baltic countries could easily have turned out like Moldova: semifailed states on Europe's periphery, corrupt, geopolitically hamstrung, and surviving on remittances. Their foreign trade was entirely tied to the collapsed Soviet economy. They had no independent institutions and no civil servants capable of running a modern state. Their politicians were a mix of wily but untrustworthy Soviet holdovers, unworldly professors (Lithuania's first post-Soviet president, Vytautas Landsbergis, was a musicologist), and inexperienced youngsters (Juri Luik, Estonia's representative to nato, entered high office at 26). All the while, the kgb used its cash, connections, and intimate knowledge of "the lives of others" to preserve and expand its influence—a task made easier by the unsolved question of how to deal with the hundreds of thousands of Soviet-era migrants and their descendants.
That combination of problems meant that few saw the Baltic states as future members of serious Western clubs. They were too flaky for the European Union, too geopolitically sensitive for nato, and too poor for the oecd. And many in the West told them so. As the Cold War wound down, Baltic leaders aspiring to independence received not warm words of encouragement from the West, but rebukes. Why were they so impatient? Why were they impeding Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms with their hard-line nationalism? A Finnish official even told me once that Estonian independence would be an economic and political disaster that would prove a "catastrophe"—for Finland! Such points went down badly in the Baltics, and not surprisingly. It was akin to telling a prisoner to consider his captors' feelings, rather than trying to escape.
So how did the Baltic countries do it, succeeding so brilliantly and so quickly? Part of it was luck: Russia was weak, and its potential for mischief was initially quite limited. In addition, the Baltic diasporas provided a serendipitous assortment of unlikely leaders. Lithuania's president, Valdas Adamkus, spent most of his life as a civil servant in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. His Estonian counterpart, Toomas Hendrik Ilves, was raised in the United States and educated at Columbia University. Former Latvian President Vaira Vike-Freiberga spent most of her life in Canada as a psychology professor. Hundreds of lesser-known others in the 1990s helped rebuild everything from the diplomatic service to business.
https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/06/21/the-fall-and-rise-and-fall-again-of-the-baltic-states/
https://dtbnguyen.blogspot.com/2019/07/offline-cloud-aws-gcp-azure-etc.html
https://dtbnguyen.blogspot.com/2011/12/wining-on-linux.html
https://dtbnguyen.blogspot.com/2018/04/dealing-with-legacy-applications-random.html
https://dtbnguyen.blogspot.com/2015/09/more-jsf-thoughts-theme-hospital-george.html
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=super+mario+show+song
The Super Mario Bros Super Show Title Theme
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vkQTgjGboWQ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_video_games
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https://www.news.com.au/technology/environment/sludge-creates-dead-zone-in-idyllic-moreton-bay-study-finds/news-story/4c29abc377b366427c2d0c1aa9d33965
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/mar/29/ukraine-antarctic-scientists-climate-crisis-vernadsky-base
https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2024/mar/27/ai-apocalypse-could-take-away-almost-8m-jobs-in-uk-says-report
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https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-12-05/drones-used-by-ukraine-and-russia-are-revolutionising-warfare/103186820
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Random Quotes:
- Anyone who asks for nuance is met with a resounding dismissal: "Are you against the working people?" No, but what if I'm against the working class being appropriated as useful idiots for the causes of nationalism and a color revolution? What if I don't want to see Belarus torn apart by privatization and in the pits of poverty, as its citizens roam Europe looking for low-paid jobs as labor migrants? Which is what has happened in Ukraine.
But does anyone care about the working class more than they care about the promise of freedoms? About equality more than liberty? Aversion to serious talk from those who support the protests is often indicative of an unwillingness to investigate their bias about the Soviet Union and the underlining idea of class solidarity, a very crucial thing right now. Lukashenko is equated with the Soviet Union and communism. The red-and-white flag is used despite the Nazi association (as it was used during the occupation period) because the current red-and-green one is considered tainted by its Soviet origins.
It has become fashionable to consider yourself a leftist in the post-Soviet space, online especially. Still, the overwhelming majority of those doing it are reluctant to go deeper than just the label and shift from their liberal positions. Dialectics are too much work, reading Marx and Lenin is old-fashioned, and the rhetoric of freedom is more appealing than historical materialism. Unfortunately, that also means that attempts to re-examine Soviet history and culture from a lens free of the Western influence are overwhelmingly met with rejection. But one can't help but notice that the liberal media run by local oligarchs or foreign governments are not held up to the same level of scrutiny, even by those saying they oppose Western imperialism. This, in turn, makes it even harder to support the workers. The online and media fields are very much blurred by the liberal / Western / nationalist bias, and we can't see the workers' perspective through the red and white noise. It becomes essential to remain vigilant and not let the same biased groups co-opt the workers' agency in Belarus.
The violence on the ground in Belarus is real. The autocracy is real. There can be no doubts about that. But the neoliberal and nationalist tendencies seem to be as much of a threat to worker solidarity as the regime's wrongdoings. I am incredibly invested in observing the events unfolding in Belarus because I have seen all of it before, in Russia personally and in Ukraine from a distance. And I hate to see the worst repeat yet again, with the same stalwarts of neoliberalism at the helm, denouncing communism, virtue-signaling to nationalism.
As I watch this, already lonely in the shadow of the right-wingers dominating the debate, I want nothing more in life than for more people in the post-Soviet space to stop being afraid of socialism and start being afraid of capitalism, nationalism, and fascism.
https://www.rt.com/russia/498140-minsk-protests-similar-kiev-moscow/
- "The restrictions are ridiculous and so unnecessary for a virus with such a small death rate. My view is it's a real virus, but the exaggeration is massive," Joss says. "They call it a pandemic but pandemics are supposed to take at least five percent of the population and according to Doctor Dan Erickson it only has a 0.03 death rate – it's a tiny amount and it's not a pandemic."
California-based Dr Erickson's claims were among those removed from YouTube and Facebook and a video of his interview on FoxNews was also taken down due to claims of inaccuracy. While fatality rates are low on a population basis, most physicians advise measuring deaths based on the number of recorded cases. Using that basis, the global death rate is 3.5 percent. It's 14.8 percent in the UK, 3.2 in the US, 1.7 in Russia, 8.5 in Spain.
StandUpX are driven by the need to question what is being reported and why media, both social and traditional, have been given the power to overrule the opinions of medics and scientists.
https://www.rt.com/uk/498075-standupx-anti-mask-covid/
- An anonymous stock market gossip account followed by some of Australia's most prominent finance and business figures is being sued for defamation.
Melbourne mining entrepreneur Tolga Kumova has commenced legal action against the New Zealand-based owner of the Twitter account @stockswami – named in court documents as Tauranga man Alan Francis Davison – over an alleged ongoing smear campaign.
The former stockbroker turned minerals speculator, who has a reported net worth of $95 million, is seeking aggravated damages against Mr Davison over six series of tweets he claims are defamatory.
Over the past year, @stockswami has falsely accused the AFR Young Rich Lister of insider trading, involvement in pump-and-dump schemes, dodgy business dealings and misleading the share market, according to Mr Kumova's statement of claim filed in the Federal Court where the tweets were set out.
"Inside trading alive and thriving on the ASX pirate ship," @stockswami tweeted to his more than 6000 followers on September 20 last year.
"$EUC (European Cobalt), err cough cough, a Tolga Kumova special, goes into trading halt to explain a 33 per cent spike in (share price), and … oh … err … a material acquisition that they forgot to tell the market about."
The filing alleges Mr Davison's tweets were commented on, retweeted or reacted to by a number of his followers, creating a "grapevine effect".
In another tweet on April 24 this year, he wrote that Mr Kumova "certainly knows when to buy and sell a stock he is intimately connected with".
"Did it with $SYR (Syrah Resources), $NCZ (New Century Resources) and now $BGL (Bellevue Gold). Tolga Kumova also needs to update himself with ASIC laws."
In a series of tweets in June he falsely accused Mr Kumova of being part of a pump-and-dump "syndicate".
"Lock up your daughters and your money!" he wrote.
"Remember, a pump group is no different than a drug syndicate. The premise is the same. Find a source. Buy cheap. Network. Sell. Bling bling."
In the statement of claim, Mr Kumova lists prominent journalists who follow the @stockswami account including from The Australian Financial Review, ABC, The Age and The Sydney Morning Herald, although he doesn't single them out for retweeting the posts.
"By reason of the publication by Davison of the matters complained of, Kumova has been brought into hatred, ridicule and contempt and has been gravely injured in his reputation including his professional reputation as a trader and mining executive and has suffered and will continue to suffer loss and damage," the statement of claim says.
Mr Kumova is seeking aggravated damages against Mr Davison due to the "ongoing" nature of the campaign, his "failure to inform Kumova of the imputations he intended to publish before publishing", and his "failure to publish an apology and retraction once informed of the factual errors" by Mr Kumova's lawyers.
Mr Davison has previously discussed on his Twitter account how he became wealthy with an online business driving traffic to adult websites.
"I feel forever blessed and grateful for my luck," he tweeted in May. "It allowed me to raise my children while at home. It also allows me to sit here and disrupt the pump groups and ASX professional operators."
He also claims to have made $NZ1 million trading shares on the ASX.
https://www.news.com.au/finance/markets/australian-markets/melbourne-young-rich-lister-sues-anonymous-stock-market-twitter-account-for-defamation/news-story/bb0feea2b1d4474e506dbca6ba9b1959
- Some nickel-loving species like Alyssum murale, native to Italy, can take up to 30,000 micrograms of nickel per 1g dried leaf. Some, like Phyllantus balgoyii, found in Malaysia, have such a high nickel content that their sap is a remarkable bright blue-green colour. So far, around 450 species of nickel-loving plants have been documented worldwide. Most of these plants grow in countries with less plant diversity and lower nickel deposits than Indonesia, such as Cuba (130 species), southern Europe (45), New Caledonia (65) and Malaysia (24).
Curiously, very few of these plants have been found in Indonesia, which is one of the most biodiverse regions in the world and also has the largest nickel deposit in the world – just where you might expect to find a nickel hyper-accumulator. Tjoa says that this is largely because very few people have spent the time looking.
...
After four years of exploration, Tjoa at last spotted two species of indigenous nickel hyper-accumulators in 2008: Sarcotheca celebica and Knema matanensis. In the lab, she found that both of these native plants could store between 1,000 and 5,000 micrograms of nickel per gram of dried leaf.
It was a start, but Tjoa was still hoping for something more. Compared with nickel-loving plants found elsewhere, these two showed fairly modest powers of hyperaccumulation. "We're looking for plants that could accumulate at least 10,000 micrograms [per gram]," she says. At that threshold, it becomes economically viable to cultivate the plant for mineral extraction – or "phytomining".
https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200825-indonesia-the-plants-that-mine-poisonous-metals
- For each Baltic state, Soviet rule effectively brought a cultural revolution. National elites were murdered or exiled. Hundreds of thousands were deported, executed, or starved to death. Collectivization destroyed the peasant farms that had been the backbone of Baltic economies and societies. Finally came the suffocation of national identity through mass immigration of Russian-speakers from other parts of the Soviet Union and the purging of books that might portray the era of Baltic independence in favorable terms. Estonia's leading novelist, the late Jaan Kross, remembered watching books from his country's main university library destroyed by an ax-wielding apparatchik.
What particularly aroused Russian ire (and still does) was that after the 1940-1941 Soviet occupation, Estonians and Latvians did not see the prospect of another one as "liberation." Indeed, from 1944 onward, many Baltic citizens fought hard against Soviet forces, even shoulder to shoulder with the Nazis at times. The bad blood still lingers, as seen two years ago when Estonia (or eSStonia, as Russian propagandists still call it) decided to relocate a Soviet war memorial from the center of Tallinn to a military cemetery on the outskirts of town. For Russians, the bronze statue was "Alyosha the Liberator"; for Estonians, it was "The Unknown Rapist." The result was a fierce diplomatic spat, the besieging of the Estonian Embassy in Moscow, and a mammoth cyberattack that briefly disrupted public services.
The bleakness of life inside the Baltic states during the occupation era was matched by overseas apathy, even hostility, toward their fate. Britain handed over to the Kremlin the Baltic gold reserves, which had been entrusted to the Bank of England for safekeeping. Dusty embassies in Washington and elsewhere maintained the vestiges of legal existence, and a dwindling band of elderly Baltic diplomats would gather for occasional meetings at the U.S. State Department, where their flags still hung in the lobby. It was a good way to annoy the Kremlin, but the cause of Baltic independence was all but dead. Those who persisted in raising it were seen as eccentric, out of touch, and irrelevant. Czeslaw Milosz, the Polish émigré poet and Nobel Prize winner, wrote in his seminal work on totalitarianism, The Captive Mind, that he could not stop thinking about the Baltic states, which he described as being "boiled down" in a pot with a "tightly closed lid." But he also said that others regarded his preoccupation as the epitome of futility: It would waste his life and awake the "wrath of Zeus."
After regaining independence in the early 1990s, the Baltic countries could easily have turned out like Moldova: semifailed states on Europe's periphery, corrupt, geopolitically hamstrung, and surviving on remittances. Their foreign trade was entirely tied to the collapsed Soviet economy. They had no independent institutions and no civil servants capable of running a modern state. Their politicians were a mix of wily but untrustworthy Soviet holdovers, unworldly professors (Lithuania's first post-Soviet president, Vytautas Landsbergis, was a musicologist), and inexperienced youngsters (Juri Luik, Estonia's representative to nato, entered high office at 26). All the while, the kgb used its cash, connections, and intimate knowledge of "the lives of others" to preserve and expand its influence—a task made easier by the unsolved question of how to deal with the hundreds of thousands of Soviet-era migrants and their descendants.
That combination of problems meant that few saw the Baltic states as future members of serious Western clubs. They were too flaky for the European Union, too geopolitically sensitive for nato, and too poor for the oecd. And many in the West told them so. As the Cold War wound down, Baltic leaders aspiring to independence received not warm words of encouragement from the West, but rebukes. Why were they so impatient? Why were they impeding Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms with their hard-line nationalism? A Finnish official even told me once that Estonian independence would be an economic and political disaster that would prove a "catastrophe"—for Finland! Such points went down badly in the Baltics, and not surprisingly. It was akin to telling a prisoner to consider his captors' feelings, rather than trying to escape.
So how did the Baltic countries do it, succeeding so brilliantly and so quickly? Part of it was luck: Russia was weak, and its potential for mischief was initially quite limited. In addition, the Baltic diasporas provided a serendipitous assortment of unlikely leaders. Lithuania's president, Valdas Adamkus, spent most of his life as a civil servant in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. His Estonian counterpart, Toomas Hendrik Ilves, was raised in the United States and educated at Columbia University. Former Latvian President Vaira Vike-Freiberga spent most of her life in Canada as a psychology professor. Hundreds of lesser-known others in the 1990s helped rebuild everything from the diplomatic service to business.
https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/06/21/the-fall-and-rise-and-fall-again-of-the-baltic-states/
